Tree equity map shows less affluent areas have less tree cover
Lead PR Manager
An online map which for the first time shows disparities in urban tree cover across the UK shows how less affluent areas have fewer trees and are missing out on their essential health benefits, like cleaner air.
Neighbourhoods with the highest income levels have more than double the tree cover per person than less affluent neighbourhoods, and they have nearly 20% less of the toxic pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
In England, regional differences are present, with the 10 local authorities with the highest scores in the south and the 10 with the
lowest scores in the north.* Some coastal areas also have lower levels of tree cover.
The news comes with the launch of a free interactive tool known as Tree Equity Score, which uses new tree canopy data from Google and six climate, health and socioeconomic indicators to generate a score from 0 to 100 for most urban neighbourhoods in the UK. It shows that, in areas of lower tree cover, there is a direct link to more pollution and poorer air quality.
The Woodland Trust encourages everyone to find the Tree Equity Score for their area and urges governments – nationally and locally – to integrate the Tree Equity Score into policies and plans, to ensure this disparity is tackled.
First launched by American Forests in the US in 2021, Tree Equity Score has just launched in the UK in a partnership between American
Forests, the Woodland Trust and the Centre for Sustainable Healthcare. The UK is the first country that Tree Equity Score has expanded to.
Dr Darren Moorcroft, CEO at the Woodland Trust, said this is a 'breakthrough' when it comes to targeting resources to areas
critically in need of more trees. Dr Moorcroft said:
"This is a breakthrough moment for trees in the UK. For the first time everyone can see an inequity that is hidden in plain sight – access to the essential benefits of trees. Tree Equity Score shows that there are major differences in levels of tree cover between neighbourhoods and that these often follow socio-economic trends. Tree Equity Score is a tool for action to start addressing this inequity and ensure the essential benefits of trees can improve public health and climate resilience for all.
"More than 34,000 urban neighbourhoods are covered by Tree Equity Score, meaning that nearly 80% of the population can go online and find their score.
"There are numerous underlying reasons for tree inequity, and it is a serious problem in need of immediate solutions. We believe the tool will inspire people to get involved with local projects to plant and care for urban trees. We are calling on national and local governments to integrate tree equity into national and local policies and plans, and to fund and recruit more tree officers to address tree inequity."
Benita Hussain, Tree Equity lead at American Forests, said:
"This program symbolises a major step in our mission to ensure equitable access to urban forests globally.
"In the US, we've seen how data-driven strategies can transform communities through urban forestry, enhancing not only environmental health but also social wellbeing. For the first time, differences in levels of tree cover in towns and cities across the UK have been mapped for anyone to see."
The Centre for Sustainable Healthcare works with healthcare professionals and the wider public to help develop the knowledge, skills and tools people need to play their part in the transformation to sustainable healthcare.
"We know that trees have a huge positive impact on people’s health and wellbeing, and healthcare providers are uniquely placed to champion access to these benefits," said Sarah Jordan, Director of Green Space for Health at the Centre for Sustainable Healthcare. "From individuals through to anchor institutions such as the NHS, Tree Equity Score can be used at any scale to help get trees where they’re needed most and reduce health inequalities."
The UK Tree Equity Score reveals disparities including:
- neighbourhoods where tree cover per person is highest have roughly 30% less NO2 pollution and 10% less particulate matter pollution than neighbourhoods where tree cover is lowest
- UK-wide, neighbourhoods with the highest income levels have more than double the tree cover per person than less affluent neighbourhoods and have nearly 20% less nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution
- lower tree cover has a dramatic effect on neighbourhoods: for example, those with the highest number of trees have up to 330% less air pollution and are four degrees Celsius cooler during a heat wave than neighbourhoods where tree canopy is lowest
- UK-wide, neighbourhoods with fewest people identifying with minority ethnic groups have roughly double the tree canopy per person than neighbourhoods with the most, and experience 50% less NO2 air pollution, 20% less particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and are five degrees Celsius cooler.
In the UK, a number of cities are already adopting Tree Equity, including Birmingham and Belfast, which have recently included actions on tree equity in city-level plans to increase tree cover. The tool will also be demonstrated at COP28, the UN climate conference on 8-9 December in the United Arab Emirates, with the goal of encouraging more cities across the globe to adopt the tool.
Trees improve air quality by removing particulate air pollutants, as well as cool city streets by providing natural shade. Research from the UK Environment Agency shows air pollution is the single biggest environmental threat to health in the UK, shortening tens of thousands of lives each year,** and heat-related deaths are increasing annually***.
Doubling tree cover could cut the number of heat-related deaths in European cities during summer months by nearly 40%, according to a modelling study by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health.
The Office for National Statistics recently estimated the annual economic value of broadleaved woodland in regulating air pollution in the UK was over £1 billion – the highest of any habitat. Of this, the value of urban trees contributed more than half.****
American Forests’ Tree Equity Score tool has been in use in the US for more than two years and is integral to its plans to advance tree equity in 100 cities by 2030. In September 2023, the Biden-Harris administration announced over $1 billion in grants to increase equitable access to trees as part of the Inflation Reduction Act and President Biden’s commitment to improve environmental justice.*****
Notes to editors
For more details on this release and for interviews, contact Andy Bond in the Woodland Trust press office on 07725480434.
*American Forests key findings report
**State of the environment: health, people and the environment – GOV.UK
***Climate-related mortality, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics
****UK Natural Capital Accounts 2023 - Office for National Statistics
About the Woodland Trust
The Woodland Trust is the largest woodland conservation charity in the UK. It has over 500,000 supporters. It wants to see a UK rich in native woods and trees for people and wildlife.
The Trust has three key aims:
- protect ancient woodland, which is rare, unique and irreplaceable
- restore damaged ancient woodland, bringing
precious pieces of our natural history back to life - plant native trees and woods with the aim of creating resilient landscapes for people and wildlife.
Established in 1972, the Woodland Trust now has over 1,000 sites in its care covering approximately 29,000 hectares. Access to its woods is free so everyone can benefit from woods and trees.
About American Forests
American Forests is the first national non-profit conservation organisation created in the US. Since its founding in 1875, the organisation has been the pathfinder for the forest conservation movement. Its mission is to create healthy and resilient forests, from cities to large natural landscapes, that deliver essential benefits for climate, people, water and wildlife. The organisation advances its mission through forestry, innovation, place-based partnerships to plant and restore forests, and movement building.
About the Centre for Sustainable Healthcare
The Centre for Sustainable Healthcare (CSH) inspires and empowers people to transform healthcare for a sustainable future. Collaborating with partners both within and outside the healthcare sector, CSH engages professionals, patients and the wider community in understanding the connections between health and the environment, while reducing healthcare’s resource footprint.
Tree Equity Score
Tree Equity Score is a prioritisation metric highlighting inequitable access to trees. It measures how well the benefits of urban tree canopy are reaching the community, especially for communities living on low incomes and others that are disproportionately affected by
extreme heat, pollution and other environmental hazards.
With that in mind, Tree Equity Score can be used as a decision support tool for urban forestry that ensures we invest in planting and
protecting trees in the places that need it the most.
The Priority Index is developed to help prioritise the need for planting and protection to achieve tree equity.
The Priority Index includes the following equally weighted characteristics.
Air quality: Air pollution index – the concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 pollutants in each neighbourhood. The air pollution index is a combined measure of annual emissions of PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations in
micrograms/cubic metre, normalised independently by country then averaged.
Age: Dependency ratio – older people (age 65+) and children (0-17) as a proportion of working age adults (18-64).
Employment: Indices of Multiple Deprivation – Employment Domain: a neighbourhood’s relative deprivation in its country based on several indicators of employment.
Health: Indices of Multiple Deprivation – Health Domain: a neighbourhood’s relative deprivation in its country based on several indicators of poor health.
Income: Indices of Multiple Deprivation – Income Domain: a neighbourhood’s relative deprivation in its country based on several indicators of income.
Heat severity: Heat disparity – compares average neighbourhood heat extremity with the local authority average to measure variance in heat severity across neighbourhoods.